Fibroblasts in skin: A key to wound healing and skin repair

The role of fibroblasts in skin biology

Dermal fibroblasts are specialized cells that maintain the structure and function of the skin (Figure 1). They originate from mesenchymal cells and are primarily located in the dermis, the layer of skin beneath the epidermis.¹ These cells have tissue-specific properties that differ from those of fibroblasts found in other organs.² Their unique properties make them invaluable for skin biology-related research.

Skin fibroblasts produce several extracellular matrix (ECM) components, including type I and III collagen, elastin, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans. By doing so, they help maintain skin architecture and elasticity.³

In addition to producing ECM components, they also secret various regulatory molecules that help maintain skin function. These molecules include growth factors, cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs).⁴ By secreting ECM components, growth factors, and cytokines, they help maintain skin barrier function, support epidermal regeneration, and modulate immune responses in the skin.⁴

Studies have shown that fibroblasts exhibit remarkable tissue specificity, and that fibroblasts in skin differ from those in other organs in several ways. They display unique gene expression profiles, specific responses to mechanical and chemical cues, distinct interactions with local immune cells, and site-specific developmental origins.^6–9 As fibroblasts in skin retain the genetic and functional characteristics of their origin, they are ideal for studying skin biology and skin disorders.

Fibroblasts and wound healing

Wound healing is a fascinating process, involving tissue regeneration, ECM production, and several cellular interactions. In this section, we explore the phases of healing and the critical role fibroblasts in skin play at each stage.

The wound healing cascade

How do fibroblast cells help in wound healing? When skin injury occurs, skin fibroblasts are activated and initiate a wound repair cascade consisting of three phases (Figure 2):

• Immediate response phase (hemostasis/inflammation): Upon injury, fibroblasts are activated by cytokines and growth factors released during the inflammatory response. In turn, activated fibroblasts upregulate the expression of cell surface receptors and adhesion molecules.^10,11
• Migration and proliferation: Guided by chemotactic signals, activated fibroblasts migrate to the injury site and proliferate to populate the wound area. Along with other cells, activated fibroblasts release various growth factors that promote angiogenesis, re-epithelialization, and recruitment and activation of other cell types involved in wound healing.^11,12
• Matrix remodeling: Fibroblasts in skin differentiate into myofibroblasts, which exhibit increased production of ECM components and MMPs and enhanced deposition of collagen.¹² This process leads to the formation of provisional matrix, a fibrin-containing molecular scaffold that supports blood clotting and wound healing.¹³

Although fibroblasts in skin get activated during the hemostasis/inflammation phase of skin repair, their role in wound healing is more prominent in the cellular proliferation and matrix remodeling phases.¹²

Growth factor signaling and cellular crosstalk in wound repair

Fibroblast cells in skin secrete and respond to numerous growth factors during wound healing:

• Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
• Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)
• Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
• Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)

These growth factors regulate cellular crosstalk during wound repair. This crosstalk includes interactions of fibroblasts in skin with keratinocytes, endothelial cells, and several immune cell subtypes (e.g., macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes).¹²

Regeneration versus scarring: A fine balance

Wound healing and tissue regeneration involve balanced ECM production, controlled inflammation, proper vascularization, and organized matrix alignment.¹⁴ Deregulation of one or more of these processes can lead to pathological scarring. Factors contributing to excessive scarring include prolonged inflammation, excessive myofibroblast activation, imbalanced ECM deposition, and altered wound environment (e.g., mechanical forces, pH, oxygen levels, and cytokine and growth factor milieu).^15,16

Although fibroblasts are essential for wound healing, they also play a role in scar formation by coordinating with other cells during the resolution phase to restore skin integrity after injury.¹ Understanding the mechanisms regulating the balance between regeneration and scarring is crucial for developing therapies that promote optimal healing with minimal scarring.

From lab to clinic: Fibroblast-based therapies

The unique properties of skin fibroblasts make them attractive candidates for cell-based therapies in various therapeutic areas.

Examples of approved fibroblast-based therapies for skin conditions

Currently, three FDA-approved dermal fibroblast-based therapies are available:

• LAVIV (azficel-T): FDA-approved autologous fibroblast therapy, used for the improvement of the appearance of moderate to severe nasolabial fold wrinkles. It involves culturing a patient’s own fibroblasts and injecting them back into the skin to promote collagen production.¹⁸
• GINTUIT: This product comprises allogeneic cultured keratinocytes and fibroblasts in bovine collagen and is used to generate new and healthy gum tissue in patients with gingival recession.¹⁸
• STRATAGRAFT: Bioengineered skin substitute composed of allogeneic cultured keratinocytes and fibroblasts in murine collagen matrix. It is used for the treatment of adults with thermal burns containing intact dermal elements.¹⁹

Emerging fibroblast-based therapies for skin conditions

Emerging fibroblast-based therapies are showing promise in regenerative medicine, particularly for skin aging and wound healing. Innovative approaches include the use of mechanically reprogrammed fibroblasts to enhance tissue regeneration and wound healing in aged tissues, demonstrating increased extracellular matrix protein synthesis and improved tissue remodeling.²⁰

Additionally, exosomes derived from three-dimensional cultured human skin fibroblast spheroids have been shown to ameliorate skin photoaging by promoting collagen synthesis and reducing inflammation.²¹ Allogeneic dermal progenitor fibroblasts have also been used in clinical settings, offering versatile applications in cutaneous regenerative medicine.²²

Furthermore, engineered extracellular vesicles from skin fibroblasts are being explored to drive direct reprogramming into endothelial cells, enhancing wound closure and vascularization without the need for viral vectors.²³ These advancements highlight the potential of dermal fibroblast-based therapies to address various skin disorders and improve skin health.

New horizons in fibroblast research

Current research explores the role of fibroblasts in autoimmune and inflammatory skin conditions.^24,25 Understanding how fibroblasts contribute to the pathogenesis of conditions such as systemic sclerosis and lupus can lead to the development of fibroblast-targeted therapies to modulate immune responses. Researchers are also exploring the use of HLA-typed and disease-specific fibroblasts to develop personalized treatments for various conditions, including autoimmune diseases, inflammatory disorders, and genetic skin diseases.^26,27

Moreover, researchers are investigating the role of fibroblasts in skin microbiome interactions and how fibroblasts communicate with and influence the skin microbiome.²⁸ These studies can lead to the development of probiotic approaches that leverage fibroblast-microbiome interactions. Studies are also ongoing to investigate the role of fibroblasts in cellular senescence to target the root causes of skin aging at the molecular level.²⁹

Challenges in skin fibroblast research

Despite significant progress in fibroblast research, researchers face several challenges (Figure 3). The limited availability of tissue- and disease-specific fibroblasts due to difficulties in obtaining fibroblasts from specific anatomical locations or from patients with rare skin conditions makes it challenging to develop accurate disease models.³⁰

In addition, fibroblasts can undergo phenotypic changes during long-term culture, potentially affecting experimental outcomes.³¹ There is a need for better methods to isolate and expand specialized fibroblast populations and for improved culture systems that better mimic the in vivo environment.

Furthermore, inconsistencies in serum or fetal bovine serum (FBS) used in culture media might affect the reproducible growth and function of fibroblasts.³² In addition, batch-to-batch variations in animal-derived media components can lead to poor reproducibility of results.³³

Check out our media & reagents specifications guide to have a clear understanding on how to define the specifications of our cell culture media.

Innovation in skin fibroblast culture: our new defined and animal component-free medium

To address the challenges of variability and reproducibility in fibroblast research, we are launching Fibroblast Growth Medium D-ACF, a defined and animal component-free (D-ACF) medium for fibroblasts.

This innovative solution offers the following advantages:

• Consistent cell growth and function
• Elimination of serum-related variability
• Enhanced experimental reproducibility
• Standardized culture conditions

 Key characteristics of our D-ACF medium for fibroblasts:

• Defined composition: Defined components and batch-to-batch consistency, allowing for better control of the culture environment.
• Animal component-free: Reduces ethical concerns associated with the use of animal-derived products and minimizes variability.
• Enhanced performance: Optimal growth kinetics, maintained cellular phenotype, and improved reproducibility in our Normal Human Dermal Fibroblasts (NHDF) from juvenile donors.

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