Technical library

PromoCell's Normal Human Epidermal Keratinocytes (NHEK) from juvenile donors are isolated from both the epidermis of the outer and mucosal (i.e. inner) layers of the foreskin. Thus, each vial contains a mixture of mucosal and cutaneous keratinocytes.

Even non-activated macrophages do release a certain amount of cytokines. Furthermore, you would have to be sure that the release of a certain cytokine is a direct consequence of the activation. Therefore, we do not think it is possible to have a general negative control for the cytokine release.

No, we do not provide data about the cytokine profile of our M1/M2 macrophages after activation and we do not provide any further data beyond the scope of our quality control.

You may find all information regarding the activation and the cytokine concentrations in table 1 (page 5) of our Application Note.

We did not plate the cryo-macrophages in 96-well plates. However, we heard from other customers that they have successfully used our macrophages in this kind of plate.

Scientific findings from different groups, as well as our own results indicate that the presence or absence of α-SMA is not a valid indicator for the composition of a given cell population. Research findings and our inhouse data suggest that endothelial cells are not α-SMA-negative under all circumstances. α-SMA negativity is not an intrinsic property of endothelial cells but can vary depending on extrinsic influences. Lot-specific values for α-SMA in our Certificates of Analysis (CoAs) are therefore not considered meaningful.

Further Information

Ando et al.; Am J Physio l. 1999 May;276(5):H1755-68

Lu et al.; Stem Cells Dev . 2004 Oct;13(5):521-7

Azuma et al.; Biochem Biophys Res Commun . 2009 Mar 13;380(3):620-6

Frid et al.; Circ Res . 2002 Jun 14;90(11):1189-96

Kovacic et al.; J Am Coll Cardiol . 2019 Jan 22;73(2):190-209

Jones et al.; Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol . 1999 Apr;20(4):582-94

Ma et al.; Front Cell Dev Biol . 2020 Apr 21;8:260

Kocher and Madri; In Vitro Cell Dev Biol . 1989 May;25(5):424-34

Amberger et al.; FEBS Lett . 1991 Aug 5;287(1-2):223-5

Secretory granules called Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs) containing Von Willebrand factor (vWF) are more linked to the formation of a confluent endothelial monolayer. Research shows that vWF expression is dynamic and highly dependent on the cell culture conditions such as confluence and passage number. Therefore, having vWF as a quality control marker for each lot of ECs is not really necessary.

Further Information

Howell et al.; Mol Membr Biol. Nov-Dec 2004;21(6):413-21

Yes, Accutase Solution can be defrosted, aliquoted, and then refrozen. Defrosting: Accutase should be defrosted overnight in the refrigerator or placed in a tub of cold tap water. Do not defrost in a 37°C water bath. Stability: Once thawed, it is stable for at least 2 months in the refrigerator if stored promptly after use.

Yes, it is possible to refreeze them.

This is not advised. Please seed the freshly isolated CD14-monocytes immediately in the Monocyte Attachment Medium. Adding a culturing step will change the biological characteristics of monocytes very rapidly.